Case management as an opportunity for healthcare: user experiences

Introduction: People with multimorbidity and their caregivers are beginning to be recognized as emerging subjects of health systems. In Colombia there is no differentiated approach to care for this population, as well as its health-disease process. Objective: To understand the experience of people with multimorbidity and their caregivers after receiving a case management intervention. Methods and materials: It is a qualitative study in which 33 participants among people with multimorbidity and their caregivers who received intervention with case managers were interviewed, a comparative analysis and use to tools analytics grounded theory. Results: There are 3 dimensions that are, the actors where nursing becomes relevant as a reliable source of care; the Care Meeting, as a space created within case management to maintain trust and; Results in the health system, where the need to integrate this type of outbreak into the Colombian Health Model is confirmed. Discussion: Complementary qualitative evidence data from the central study with a greater impact on the quality of care through the therapeutic relationship at home. Conclusion: The dyad requires home support for self-management of the disease based on trust, empathy, empowerment and administrative management carried out by case managers.

Introducción: Las personas con multimorbilidad y sus cuidadores empiezan a ser reconocidos como sujetos emergentes en los sistemas de salud. En Colombia no existe un abordaje diferenciado para la atención de esta población, así como de su proceso de salud-enfermedad. Objetivo: Entender las experiencias de personas con multimorbilidad y sus cuidadores tras recibir una intervención de gestión de casos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo en el que se entrevistó a 33 participantes con multimorbilidad y sus cuidadores que recibieron una intervención por parte de gestores de casos; se realizó un análisis comparativo y se utilizaron herramientas analíticas de la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: Existen tres dimensiones: los actores, donde la enfermería cobra relevancia como fuente confiable de cuidado; la reunión de atención o cuidado, como un espacio creado en la gestión de casos para mantener la confianza; y resultados en el sistema de salud, donde se confirma la necesidad de integrar este tipo de avance en el modelo de salud colombiano. Discusión: Los datos cualitativos complementarios del estudio central evidencian un mayor impacto en la calidad del cuidado a través de la relación terapéutica en el hogar. Conclusión: La díada requiere acompañamiento domiciliario para la autogestión de la enfermedad que esté basado en la confianza, la empatía, el empoderamiento y la gestión administrativa llevada a cabo por los gestores de casos.

Introdução: As pessoas com multimorbidade e seus cuidadores estão começando a ser reconhecidos como sujeitos emergentes dos sistemas de saúde. Na Colômbia, não há uma abordagem diferenciada para o atendimento dessa população, bem como para seu processo saúde-doença. Objetivo: Compreender a experiência de pessoas com multimorbidade e seus cuidadores após receberem uma intervenção de gerenciamento de casos. Métodos e materiais: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo no qual foram entrevistados 33 participantes entre pessoas com multimorbidade e seus cuidadores que receberam intervenção com gerentes de caso, uma análise comparativa e o uso de ferramentas analíticas da teoria fundamentada. Resultados: Existem três dimensões que são: os atores onde a enfermagem se torna relevante como uma fonte confiável de cuidados; a Reunião de Cuidados, como um espaço criado dentro do gerenciamento de casos para manter a confiança e; Resultados no sistema de saúde, onde a necessidade de integrar esse tipo de surto no modelo de saúde colombiano é confirmada. Discussão: Dados complementares de evidências qualitativas do estudo central com maior impacto na qualidade do atendimento por meio da relação terapêutica no domicílio. Conclusão: A díade requer apoio domiciliar para o autogerenciamento da doença com base na confiança, empatia, empoderamento e gerenciamento administrativo realizado pelos gerentes de caso.

Algoritmo de gerenciamento de casos para pessoas com hipertensão na atenção primária: relato de experiência / Algoritmo de manejo de casos para personas con hipertensión arterial en atención primaria: relato de experiencia / Case management algorithm for people with hypertension in primary care: experience report

Objetivo: relatar a experiência de elaboração de um algoritmo de gerenciamento de casos para pessoas com hipertensão arterial sistêmica atendidas na atenção primária. Método: relato de experiência em que a construção do algoritmo foi baseada no modelo da Community Access Ageing, Disability and Home Care, Department of Human Services NSW9, que prevê sete etapas: Compromisso, Avaliação, Planejamento, Implementação, Monitoramento, Revisão e Encerramento. Resultados: compuseram o algoritmo questionários validados e atividades como visitas domiciliares, consultas de enfermagem, plano terapêutico individualizado e pactuação de metas, educação em saúde, contato telefônico e redirecionamento para a rede atenção à saúde. O tempo de elaboração foi de 12 meses. Conclusão: o algoritmo desenvolvido representa uma ferramenta simples e dinâmica de gerenciamento de casos, que orienta as atividades de cuidado de pessoas com hipertensão atendidas na atenção primária, mediante sete etapas, e facilita a leitura dos resultados.

Objective: to report the experience of elaborating a case management algorithm for people with systemic arterial hypertension treated in primary care. Method: experience report in which the construction of the algorithm was based on the model of Community Access Ageing, Disability and Home Care, Department of Human Services NSW9, which provides for seven stages: Commitment, Evaluation, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring, Review and Closure. Results: validated questionnaires and activities such as home visits, nursing consultations, individualized therapeutic plan and goal agreement, health education, telephone contact and redirection to the health care network were included in the algorithm. The preparation time was 12 months. Conclusion: the algorithm developed represents a simple and dynamic case management tool that guides the care activities of people with hypertension treated in primary care, through seven stages, and facilitates the reading of results.

Objetivo: relatar la experiencia del desarrollo de un algoritmo de manejo de casos para personas con hipertensión arterial sistémica atendidas en atención primaria. Método: relato de experiencia en el que la construcción del algoritmo se basó en el modelo Community Access Aging, Disability and Home Care, Department of Human Services NSW9, que prevé siete pasos: Compromiso, Evaluación, Planificación, Implementación, Monitoreo, Revisión y Cierre. Resultados: cuestionarios validados y actividades como visitas domiciliarias, consultas de enfermería, plan terapéutico individualizado y acuerdo de metas, educación para la salud, contacto telefónico y redirección a la red de salud compusieron el algoritmo. El tiempo de preparación fue de 12 meses. Conclusión: el algoritmo desarrollado representa una herramienta de gestión de casos simple y dinámica, que orienta las actividades de atención de las personas con hipertensión arterial asistidas en la atención primaria, a través de siete pasos, y facilita la lectura de los resultados.

COVID-19 infection prevention preparedness, practices and case management in the primary health care units in Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 as pandemic declared by WHO on March 11, 2020 and first case detected in Ethiopia on March 13/2020. The COVID-19 caused a global crisis, including millions of lives lost, public health systems in shock and economic and social disruption. Strategies depend on how an existing health system is organized. Even though public health emergency operation centers of the Ethiopia switched to emergency response, there is no national evidence about infection prevention and control. Therefore, this project aimed to assess the level of infection prevention and control and management of COVID- 19 in Ethiopia, 2021. METHODS: The cross-sectional study conducted at four regions and one city (Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Sidama Region, and Dire Dawa). Being with zonal health departments and woredas health offices, primary health care units were selected. The data were collected electronically through Kobocollect software from November 08-28/2021. Descriptive analysis like frequency and percentage was conducted by SPSS software version 25 and the results were presented by tables, figures and narration. RESULTS: Data were collected from 16 hospitals, 92 health centers, and 344 health posts. All hospitals have designated COVID-19 focal person. There were significant number of woredas and PHCUs who didn't have IPC guidelines and protocols. About 11 woredas had no any type of diagnostic tests for COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that there were significant gaps on Infection prevention and control practice, shortage of personal protective equipment, isolation and specimen transportation problem, lack of call centers. We recommend concerned bodies to fill the identified gaps.

Angina de Ludwig durante el embarazo. Reporte de caso / Ludwig's angina during pregnancy. Case report

RESUMEN Los cambios fisiológicos, hormonales e inmunes causados por el embarazo pueden predisponer a mayor riesgo de complicaciones infecciosas, en especial en infecciones odontogénicas. La angina de Ludwig es una complicación infecciosa rápidamente progresiva que afecta al suelo de la cavidad bucal, generalmente secundaria a abscesos de segundos y terceros molares mandibulares que posteriormente se extiende a los espacios submandibular, sublingual y submentoniano. Si no es tratada rápida y adecuadamente puede tener consecuencias mortales, como obstrucción de las vías aéreas altas y sepsis. Su aparición durante el embarazo está asociada a mayor riesgo de morbilidad perinatal severa, en la mayoría de los casos secundaria a hipoxia tisular. El tratamiento es la administración de antibióticos de amplio espectro y, en algunos casos, descompresión quirúrgica de las zonas afectadas. Pero es necesario considerar los potenciales efectos adversos fetales del manejo. Es fundamental reforzar la importancia de la buena salud bucodental de la embarazada para evitar esta complicación. Se presenta un caso de angina de Ludwig durante el embarazo.

ABSTRACT Physiological, hormonal and immune changes caused by pregnancy may predispose to increased risk of infectious complications, especially in odontogenic infections. Ludwig's angina is a rapidly progressive infectious complication affecting the floor of the oral cavity, usually secondary to abscesses of mandibular second and third molars that subsequently spreads to the submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces. If not treated quickly and adequately it can have fatal consequences, such as upper airway obstruction and sepsis. Its occurrence during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of severe perinatal morbidity, in most cases secondary to tissue hypoxia. Treatment consists of the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and, in some cases, surgical decompression of the affected areas. But it is necessary to consider the potential adverse fetal effects of management. It is essential to reinforce the importance of good oral health of the pregnant woman to avoid this complication. A case of Ludwig's angina during pregnancy is presented.

Application effects of hospital-to-community model-based case managment in patients with atrial fibrillation / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of hospital-to-community model-based case management on outcomes and life quality of patients with atrial fibrillation.Methods:By convience sampling method, a total of 90 cases of atrial fibrillation patients admitted to Changzhou Second People′s Hospital from January 2019 to May 2020 were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with 45 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received routine nursing care, the experimental group implemented hospital-to-community model-based case management. The beliefs about medicine, medication compliance, quality of life and readmissions of cardiovascular events were compared between 2 groups before and 6 months after intervention.Results:Finally, 41 cases were included in the experimental group and 38 cases in the control group. Before intervention, there were no significant differences in various indexes between the two groups ( P>0.05). After 6 months of intervention, the scores of specific-necessity in Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-Specific (BMQ-Specific) and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) were (16.98 ± 4.22) and (7.15 ± 0.69) points in the experimental group, higher than in the control group (14.95 ± 4.33) and (6.32 ± 1.07) points; the scores of specific-concerns in BMQ-Specific were (6.83 ± 1.91)points in the experimental group, lower than in the control group (8.42 ± 2.73) points. The differences were statistically significant ( t = 2.11, 4.07, 2.98, all P<0.05); the scores of physical function, role-physical, pain, general health, mental health dimensions and total scores in SF-36 were (80.37 ± 3.46), (46.63 ± 14.54), (90.37 ± 5.78), (70.07 ± 9.98), (84.20 ± 8.73) and (584.88 ± 25.71) points in the experimental group, higher than in the control group (70.13 ± 11.20), (37.34 ± 10.25), (83.37 ± 6.89), (59.55 ± 7.98), (77.58 ± 9.09) and (533.87 ± 31.62) points, the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 3.30-7.89, all P<0.05). At 6 months after discharge, the re-admission of cardiovascular events were 5 cases (12.2%) in the experimental group and 12 cases (31.6%) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.74, P<0.05). Conclusions:Hospital-to-community model-based case management can effectively promote beliefs about medicine and medication compliance, improve quality of life and decrease re-admission of cardiovascular events of patients with atrial fibrillation.

Construction of case management index for acute myocardial infarction based on multidisciplinary collaboration / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct a case management index for acute myocardial infarction based on multidisciplinary collaboration, and to provide guidance for the case management of patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods:From October 2021 to April 2022, a research group with clinical experience was established to initially formulate an index system for acute myocardial infarction case management based on multidisciplinary collaboration after a literature review. After 2 rounds of Delphi expert correspondence, the items of the case management index system were revised according to the opinions of the expert correspondence.Results:Twenty-two experts were interviewed in the first round, and the effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 95.45%(21/22); in the second round, 21 experts were interviewed, the effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 100.00%(21/21). The first and the second round of the expert authority coefficient was 0.896 and 0.912, respectively, the coefficient of variation of each item was 0-0.17, Kendall′s coefficient of concordance was 0.20 ( P<0.01), the average importance value of indexes were 4.43-5.00, and the rate of full marks was 38.1%-100.0%. Finally, an acute myocardial infarction case management index system based on multidisciplinary collaboration was established, including 3 primary indexes and 51 secondary indexes. Conclusions:The case management index constructed in this study is scientific and reliable, closely integrated with clinical practice, and has strong clinical practical value.

Gerenciamento de caso para pessoas com acidente vascular cerebral: estudo quase experimental / Case management for people with stroke: quasi-experimental study / Gestión de casos para personas con accidente cerebrovascular: estudio cuasi-experimental

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o efeito da intervenção por enfermeira gerente de caso nos fatores de risco e na pressão arterial de pessoas pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Método: estudo quase experimental realizado durante seis meses com 14 pacientes pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral no sul do Brasil. A intervenção com gerenciamento de caso foi constituída por consultas de enfermagem, ações educativas individualizadas e encaminhamentos a outros profissionais, operacionalizadas em três visitas domiciliares e seis contatos telefônicos. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e teste de Fisher, com nível de significância de p≤0,05. Resultados: observou-se redução do tabagismo (p=0,0414), ingestão de bebida alcoólica (p=0), do consumo de sódio (p=0,0024), gordura (p=0,0027), carboidrato (p=0,0203) e açúcar (p=0,0111), aumento da prática de atividade física (p=0,0382) e redução não significativa dos níveis pressóricos. Conclusão: O gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro é uma estratégia válida para acompanhar pessoas em recuperação de acidente vascular cerebral.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the effect of intervention by nurse-case manager on risk factors and blood pressure in post-stroke people. Method: quasi-experimental study conducted over six months with 14 post-stroke patients in southern Brazil. The intervention with case management consisted of nursing consultations, individualized educational actions and referrals to other professionals, operationalized in three home visits and six telephone contacts. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Fisher's test were used, with a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Reduction of smoking (p=0.0414), alcohol intake (p=0), sodium consumption (p=0.0024), fat (p=0.0027), carbohydrate (p=0.0203) and sugar (p=0.0111), increased physical activity (p=0.0382) and non-significant reduction of blood pressure levels were observed. Conclusion: Nurse-led case management is a valid strategy to follow people recovering from stroke.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el efecto de la intervención de la enfermera gestora de casos sobre los factores de riesgo y la presión arterial en personas que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular. Método: estudio cuasi experimental realizado a lo largo de seis meses con 14 pacientes post ictus en el sur de Brasil. La intervención con gestión de casos consistió en consultas de enfermería, acciones educativas individualizadas y derivaciones a otros profesionales, operativas en tres visitas domiciliarias y seis contactos telefónicos. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Fisher, con un nivel de significación de p≤0,05. Resultados: se observó una reducción del consumo de tabaco (p=0,0414), de la ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas (p=0), del consumo de sodio (p=0,0024), de la gordura (p=0,0027), de los carbohidratos (p=0,0203) y del azúcar (p=0,0111), un aumento de la práctica de la actividad física (p=0,0382) y una reducción no significativa de los niveles de presión. Conclusión: El manejo de casos, conducido por el enfermero, es una estrategia válida para acompañar a las personas en la recuperación de la acidez vascular cerebral.

Challenges of Case Management of COVID-19 in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital: A One-Year Experience

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. Older people and those with poorly controlled co-morbidities have higher risk of mortality. This study was conducted to highlight the clinical features, challenges of management and outcome for the patients we have seen in our centre over the past one year. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving all patients admitted in the COVID-19 Isolation unit of University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) from June, 2020­May, 2021. Clinical and laboratory information were obtained from the patient case notes. Ethical clearance for the conduct of the study was obtained from the Ethics committee, UUTH, Uyo. Data was analysed with STATA version 13. RESULTS: Thirty-three (37.9%) patients were COVID-19 PCR positive. The mean ± SD age of COVID-19 PCR positive patients was 57.3 ± 13.4 years with majority (69.7%) being above 50 years. There was a male preponderance (75%). Eleven (34.4%) patients died while 21(65.6%) were discharged. The highest co-morbidity associated with COVID-19 mortality was diabetes mellitus (7 out of 11; 63.6%). There was a poor uptake of supportive investigations for the management of COVID-19 patients. A raised body temperature (P=0.0006), a low SPO2(0.00004), high respiratory rate (0.0009) on admission and shorter duration of admission (0.0002), were associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: The presence of co-morbidities, fever, low SPO2 and high respiratory rates on admission are associated with increased mortality from COVID-19 disease. A paucity of supportive investigations was a major challenge to COVID-19 management. We therefore recommend the strengthening of our laboratory capacity.

Effect of individual case management of COPD patients in respiratory nursing outpatient department / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of case management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the nurse-led clinics.Methods:A total of 50 patients with COPD who met the selection criteria in the outpatient department of the respiratory department of Shantou Central Hospital were enrolled from March 2019 to March 2020. Case management was carried out by specialist nurses in the outpatient department. Body Mass Index (BMI), the forced expiratory volume in one second/predicted value ratio (FEV 1%pred), modified British medical research council (mMRC), 6-min walking distance (6MWD), COPD assessment test (CAT), and St.George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), basic activities of daily living (BADL) were compared before and after 6 months′ case management. The difference of medication compliance after case management was also analyzed. Results:There were statistically significant differences in the mMRC[(1.9±1.2) vs (1.4±1.1) points], 6MWD[(238.1±84.9) vs (284.1±113.8) m] and CAT scores [(19.7±6.6) vs (17.1±5.9) points], which suggested the improvement of dyspnea, self-conscious symptoms and exercise performance in these patients (all P<0.05). The BADL scores [(87.8±5.4) vs (90.00±7.5) points] and the total score of SGRQ [(48.0±7.3) vs (45.0±6.9) points] were significantly different (both P<0.01). These indicators were improved after the implementation of case management. Patients were followed up for 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, and the improvement of medication compliance score was statistically significant [(7.1±0.8) vs (7.4±0.8) vs (7.7±0.5) points] ( P<0.01). Conclusion:The implementation of respiratory nursing clinic can effectively manage COPD patients, improve medication compliance of patients, so as to improve the degree of dyspnea, self-conscious symptoms, self-care ability and exercise endurance of patients.

Perception of post-stroke patients on case management conducted by nurses / Percepción de personas que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso conducida por un enfermero / Percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral sobre o gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the perception of post-stroke patients on the case management conducted by nurses. Method: Qualitative descriptive study with 13 post-stroke patients, followed-up with case management conducted by a nurse for six months, and interviewed at home one month after the end of the follow-up. The interviews were recorded, transcribed in full and analyzed with the help of a software. Results: Of the 13 participants, 57.14% were men and 50% were between 50 and 59 years. Content analysis resulted in three categories: "Self-management of care", which addressed changes in attitudes towards treatment, mainly due to concern of recurrence in a short period of time; "Sequelae and late repercussions of the stroke", which presents participants' difficulties after the event; and "Support received after a stroke", which emphasizes the actions and attitudes of the case manager nurse during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Case management was perceived by the participant as a health-promoting tool capable of increasing treatment adherence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de personas que han sufrido un Accidente Cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso realizada por un enfermero. Método: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa descriptiva, llevada a cabo entre 13 participantes que sufrieron un Accidente Cerebrovascular, cuyo seguimiento fue gestionado por un enfermero durante seis meses y que fueron entrevistados en sus domicilios un mes después de haberse terminado el seguimiento. Las entrevistas se grabaron y se transcribieron en su totalidad y se analizaron con la ayuda de programas informáticos Resultados: De los 13 participantes, el 57,14% era del sexo masculino y el 50% tenía una edad comprendida entre los 50 y los 59 años. El análisis del contenido dio como resultado tres categorías: "Autogestión del cuidado", que se refiere a los cambios de actitud hacia el tratamiento, principalmente por el miedo a una recidiva en un período corto; la segunda trata de las "Secuelas y repercusiones tardías del Accidente Cerebrovascular", que presenta las dificultades de los participantes después del hecho, y la tercera se refiere al "Apoyo recibido después del Ictus", que hace hincapié en las acciones y actitudes del enfermero gestor del caso durante el período de seguimiento. Conclusión: La gestión del caso fue percibida por el participante como una herramienta de promoción de la salud, capaz de aumentar la adhesión al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral acerca do gerenciamento de caso conduzido pelo enfermeiro. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, com 13 participantes pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral, acompanhados pelo gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro durante seis meses e entrevistados em seus domicílios um mês após do término do acompanhamento. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e analisadas com auxílio de software. Resultados: Dos 13 participantes, 57,14% eram homens, 50% com idade variando de 50 a 59 anos. A análise do conteúdo resultou em três categorias: "Autogestão do cuidado", referente às modificações de atitudes em relação ao tratamento, devido principalmente ao medo de recidiva em curto período de tempo; "Sequelas e repercussões tardias do Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que apresenta as dificuldades dos participantes após o evento; e "Apoio recebido pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que enfatiza as ações e atitudes do enfermeiro gerente de caso no período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: O gerenciamento de caso foi percebido pelo participante como uma ferramenta promotora de saúde e capaz de aumentar a adesão ao tratamento.

Abordaje holístico de las lesiones por presión en la persona mayor: Caso clínico / Holistic approach to pressure injuries in the elderly: Clinical case

Se expone un caso clínico de una paciente de 88 años cursando una hospitalización domiciliaria de larga estadía, por múltiples lesiones por presión, tras su seguimiento presenta una merma en su recuperación, por lo que un profesional de enfermería de hospitalización domiciliaria realiza una visita domiciliaria integral que evidencia múltiples elementos que precisan un abordaje holístico de la situación. Para su abordaje se utilizó el marco teórico de Virginia Henderson, que facilitó la elección del diagnóstico en la cuidadora de Cansancio del rol de cuidador, lo cual permitió que la situación lograra ser abordada satisfactoriamente. CONCLUSIÓN: se relevó la importancia de un manejo holístico en las lesiones por presión, que debe considerar la dimensión social en la que está inmerso el paciente, junto a un manejo interdisciplinario, preparación profesional y abordaje precoz del probable impacto económico en estos pacientes.

A clinical case of an 88-year-old patient undergoing a long-term home hospitalization due to multiple pressure injuries is presented. After follow-up, she presents a decline in her recovery, so a home hospitalization nursing professional performs a comprehensive home visit that shows multiple elements that require a holistic approach to the situation. For its approach, the theoretical framework of Virginia Henderson was used, which facilitated the choice of the diagnosis in the caregiver of Tiredness from the caregiver role, which allowed the situation to be satisfactorily addressed. CONCLUSION: the importance of a holistic management of pressure injuries was highlighted, which must consider the social dimension in which the patient is immersed, together with an interdisciplinary management, professional preparation, and an early approach to the probable economic impact on these patients.

Análisis del modelo de gestión de casos para personas en situación de pluripatología y cuidadores familiares / Análise do modelo de gestão de casos para pessoas em situação de pluripatologia e cuidadores familiares / Analysis of the case management model for people with multimorbidity and family caregivers

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de Enfermeras y tomadores de decisión frente a la implementación del modelo de gestión de casos en la atención de pacientes pluripatológicos y sus cuidadores familiares. Método: estudio descriptivo cualitativo con enfermeras y profesionales tomadores de decisión, Bogotá - Colombia. Análisis de contenido de diarios de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas en 2019-2020. Procesamiento y análisis de datos con ATLAS-Ti. Resultados: participaron seis enfermeras y dos profesionales tomadores de decisión. Categorías emergentes: Percepción de enfermería sobre el sujeto de cuidado pluripatológico y su entorno social; Experiencia de cuidado enfermero en la gestión de casos: rol, aportes y dificultades; Implementación del modelo de gestión de casos en el contexto colombiano: implementación, efecto y rol de los prestadores. Conclusión: La gestora de casos requiere experiencia y competencias para comunicarse adecuadamente. La gestión de casos mejora calidad de vida, adherencia terapéutica, utilización de servicios sanitarios y reduce la sobrecarga.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a experiência de Enfermeiros e tomadores de decisão na implementação do modelo de gerenciamento de caso no cuidado a pacientes com pluripatologias e seus cuidadores familiares. Método: estudo descritivo qualitativo com enfermeiras e profissionais tomadores de decisão, Bogotá - Colômbia. Análise de conteúdo de diários de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas em 2019-2020. Processamento e análise de dados com ATLAS-Ti. Resultados: participaram seis enfermeiras e dois profissionais tomadores de decisão. Categorias emergentes: Percepção da enfermagem sobre a temática do cuidado patológico múltiplo e seu meio social; Experiência assistencial de enfermagem no gerenciamento de casos: papéis, contribuições e dificuldades; Implementação do modelo de gestão de casos no contexto colombiano: implementação, efetivação e papel dos profissionais. Conclusão: Os gestores de casos requer experiência e habilidades para se comunicar adequadamente. O gerenciamento de casos melhora a qualidade de vida, a adesão terapêutica, a utilização de serviços de saúde e reduz a sobrecarga.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the experience of nurses and decision-makers when implementing the case management model in the care of patients with multimorbidity and their family caregivers. Method: Qualitative descriptive study including nurses and decision-makers and conducted in Bogotá, Colombia. Content analysis of field journals and semi-structured interviews carried out in 2019-2020 was performed. ATLAS-TI was used for data processing and analysis. Results: Six nurses and two decision-makers participated in the study. The following categories emerged: Nursing perception of care provided to patents with multimorbidity and their social environment; Nursing care experience in case management: role, contributions, and difficulties; and Implementation of the case management model in the Colombian context: implementation, impact, and role of providers. Conclusion: The case manager requires experience and skills to communicate properly. Case management improves quality of life, therapeutic adherence, use of health services and reduces overload.

Perception of post-stroke patients on case management conducted by nurses / Percepción de personas que han sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso conducida por un enfermero / Percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral sobre o gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the perception of post-stroke patients on the case management conducted by nurses. Method: Qualitative descriptive study with 13 post-stroke patients, followed-up with case management conducted by a nurse for six months, and interviewed at home one month after the end of the follow-up. The interviews were recorded, transcribed in full and analyzed with the help of a software. Results: Of the 13 participants, 57.14% were men and 50% were between 50 and 59 years. Content analysis resulted in three categories: "Self-management of care", which addressed changes in attitudes towards treatment, mainly due to concern of recurrence in a short period of time; "Sequelae and late repercussions of the stroke", which presents participants' difficulties after the event; and "Support received after a stroke", which emphasizes the actions and attitudes of the case manager nurse during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Case management was perceived by the participant as a health-promoting tool capable of increasing treatment adherence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de personas que han sufrido un Accidente Cerebrovascular sobre la gestión del caso realizada por un enfermero. Método: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa descriptiva, llevada a cabo entre 13 participantes que sufrieron un Accidente Cerebrovascular, cuyo seguimiento fue gestionado por un enfermero durante seis meses y que fueron entrevistados en sus domicilios un mes después de haberse terminado el seguimiento. Las entrevistas se grabaron y se transcribieron en su totalidad y se analizaron con la ayuda de programas informáticos Resultados: De los 13 participantes, el 57,14% era del sexo masculino y el 50% tenía una edad comprendida entre los 50 y los 59 años. El análisis del contenido dio como resultado tres categorías: "Autogestión del cuidado", que se refiere a los cambios de actitud hacia el tratamiento, principalmente por el miedo a una recidiva en un período corto; la segunda trata de las "Secuelas y repercusiones tardías del Accidente Cerebrovascular", que presenta las dificultades de los participantes después del hecho, y la tercera se refiere al "Apoyo recibido después del Ictus", que hace hincapié en las acciones y actitudes del enfermero gestor del caso durante el período de seguimiento. Conclusión: La gestión del caso fue percibida por el participante como una herramienta de promoción de la salud, capaz de aumentar la adhesión al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a percepção de pessoas pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral acerca do gerenciamento de caso conduzido pelo enfermeiro. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, com 13 participantes pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral, acompanhados pelo gerenciamento de caso conduzido por enfermeiro durante seis meses e entrevistados em seus domicílios um mês após do término do acompanhamento. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e analisadas com auxílio de software. Resultados: Dos 13 participantes, 57,14% eram homens, 50% com idade variando de 50 a 59 anos. A análise do conteúdo resultou em três categorias: "Autogestão do cuidado", referente às modificações de atitudes em relação ao tratamento, devido principalmente ao medo de recidiva em curto período de tempo; "Sequelas e repercussões tardias do Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que apresenta as dificuldades dos participantes após o evento; e "Apoio recebido pós-Acidente Vascular Cerebral", que enfatiza as ações e atitudes do enfermeiro gerente de caso no período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: O gerenciamento de caso foi percebido pelo participante como uma ferramenta promotora de saúde e capaz de aumentar a adesão ao tratamento.

Aparato tipo Hawley con modificaciones en incisivo central retenido por supernumerarios / Maxillary Hawley Appliance-type with modifications in central incisor retained by supernumeraries

RESUMEN Introducción: el tratamiento de dientes incluidos es uno de los problemas que se presentan en pacientes que requieren tratamiento de Ortodoncia. Presentación del caso: paciente de 10 años, con antecedentes de salud que acude a la consulta de Ortodoncia por presentar alteraciones en el brote de los incisivos superiores. Al examen bucal presenta dentición mixta con ausencia clínica de 21. En rayos X panorámico se observa 21 retenido asociado a diente supernumerario. El tratamiento de elección fue la combinación ortodóncica quirúrgica. Conclusiones: con un manejo interdisciplinario adecuado, mediante técnicas innovadoras y económicas, se logró llevar el diente al arco dentario, corregir líneas medias, restablecer la estética y la función en un caso poco común por su localización en los dientes centrales, que, al ser más visibles, puede afectar estética y psicológicamente a los niños en su interacción con el medio social.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the treatment of impacted teeth is one of the problems that arise in patients requiring orthodontic treatment. Case Report: a 10-year-and-5-month patient having a health history comes to the orthodontic office for presenting alterations in the eruption of the upper incisors. On the oral examination she presented mixed dentition with clinical absence of 21 and the panoramic x-rays showed the retention of the 21 which is associated with a supernumerary tooth. The treatment of choice was the surgical orthodontic combination. Conclusions: with an appropriate interdisciplinary management, leaving the traditional way, and by means of innovative along with economic techniques, it was possible to bring the tooth to the dental arch, correct midlines, reestablish esthetics and function in an uncommon case due to its location in the central teeth, which, being more visible, can affect esthetically and psychologically the children in their interaction with the social environment.

The effect of family participatory case management combined with remote guidance on the self-management ability of first-diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the influence of family participatory case management combined with the Internet remote health guidance model on the self-management behavior and self-efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes who are first diagnosed in physical examination, in order to provide reference for early blood glucose management of diabetic.Methods:A total of 200 patients who were newly diagnosed as type 2 diabetes in Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from October 2017 to June 2018 were selected and divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 100 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with routine management methods, while patients in the observation group were treated with family participatory case management combined with internet nursing mode. The blood glucose index, self-management level, self-efficacy and cognition of basic knowledge were compared between the two groups after intervention.Results:After the intervention, the fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the observation group were (6.52±1.34) mmol/L, (8.24±1.25) mmol/L, (6.35±1.24)%, which were lower than those in the control group(6.94±1.45) mmol/L, (8.70±1.40) mmol/L, (6.75±1.18)%, the differences were statistically significant ( t values were -2.127, -2.451, -2.337, P<0.05); the scores of self-management of diet self-management, regular exercise, medication self-management, blood glucose monitoring, foot care, high and low blood glucose prevention and treatment in the observation group were (22.58±4.24), (15.38±2.45), (13.23±1.10), (18.66±1.15), (19.56±3.14), (17.35±1.87) points respectively, which were higher than those in the control group [(18.56±3.87), (11.64±2.82), (11.26±1.82), (15.38±2.49), (15.82±3.56), (15.34±2.14) points], the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 7.003-11.959, P<0.01); the scores of self-efficacy of emotion control, reasonable rest, pain and discomfort control, self-care, medication compliance management, health problems in the observation group were (9.12±0.45), (8.56±0.62), (8.86±0.72), (8.46±0.68), (9.26±0.39), (8.76±0.46) points respectively, which were higher than those in the control group [(8.14±0.82), (7.14±0.85), (7.58±0.93), (7.16±0.85), (8.14±0.42), (7.48±0.79) points], the differences were statistically significant( t values were 10.477-19.541, P<0.01). The cognitive level of basic knowledge in the observation group was (17.45±2.48) points, which was higher than (13.12±3.14) points in the control group, the differences was statistically significant ( t value was 10.822, P<0.01). Conclusions:Family participatory case management combined with the Internet-based nursing model can significantly improve the self-management ability, self-efficacy and disease awareness of type 2 diabetes patients, and have a positive effect on improving patients' blood glucose metabolism indicators.

Construction of a program for parastomal hernia prevention based on the individual and family self-management theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To establish a program for the prevention and management of parastomal hernia in patients with ostomy.Methods:Based on literature analysis and clinical needs, combined with the individual and family self-management theory (IFSMT), a preliminary plan for prevention and management of parastomal hernia was developed with the framework of case management model. Sixteen experts were selected for two rounds of Delphi expert consultations to analyze and screen indicators at all levels to calculate the expert′s positive coefficient, authority coefficient and coordination coefficient to analyze the credibility of expert consultation results.Results:The effective recovery rates of the two rounds of expert letter inquiries were 88.89% and 100.00%, the authoritative coefficients were 0.825 and 0.844, and the two rounds of Kendall′s W values were 0.221 and 0.269, which were statistically significant( P<0.01). The concentration of indicators is high. Finally, a programe for parastomal hernia prevention and management based on the self-management theory of individual and family consisting of 6 first-level indicators,16 second-level indicators and 42 third-level indicators was obtained. Conclusion:The programe for prevention and management of parastomal hernia based on individual and family self-management theory has high reliability and scientificity, and can provide a basis for the study of parastomal hernia prevention and management.

Comparison between case management and group work on rehabilitation effects in discharged schizophrenia patients / 上海预防医学

Objective:To compare the intervention effect of Case Management and Group Work in discharged schizophrenic patients. Methods:A total of 100 patients with stable schizophrenia who were discharged from a mental health center in a district of Shanghai were randomly divided into two groups： case management （CM） and group work （GW）， with 50 patients each. The group work method and case management model were used， respectively， to provide psychiatric symptom assessment，medication guidance，functional training，health education and other services to for 6 months. Both Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale （PANSS） and Social Disability Screening Schedule （SDSS） were used for assessment at the beginning and at the end of 6th month. The conditions and the improvement of social function of these two groups were compared. Results:Before and after the intervention，the positive symptom score，negative symptom score and PANSS total score of the CM group were decreased，the difference was statistically significant（t=4.214，3.926，3.929，P<0.001）. The PANSS score of the GW group only had significant difference before and after the general pathology and the total score（t=2.195，2.466，P<0.05）.There were significant differences in SDSS scores between these two groups before and after the intervention（P＜0.001）. There was a significant difference in the reduction rate of positive symptom score between the two groups（z=-2.937，P<0.05）. There was also a significant difference in the reduction rate of SDSS scores（z=-3.834，P<0.001）. Conclusion:Both case management and group work can stabilize the condition of schizophrenia patients and improve social function，but there is a slight difference in the emphasis of the two methods.

Epidemiological study of a family cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 in Fangshan District， Beijing / 上海预防医学

Objective:To conduct epidemiological investigation of a family cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） in Fangshan District， Beijing， so as to provide reference and scientific basis for the strategy of prevention and control. Methods:Based on the "Prevention and Control Plan for COVID-19 （Third Edition）"issued by the National Health Commission of China， two cases from the same family were studied by field epidemiological investigation method. Sputum and/or throat swab specimens were collected and sent to the laboratory of Fangshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） for nucleic acid detection of 2019 novel coronavirus （2019-nCoV）. Tracking close contacts and isolation observation were conducted. Results:Both sputum and throat swab specimens of case 1 were positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid on February 3rd， 2020. Case 2 （wife of case 1） received screening as a close contact， and throat swab specimen was positive on February 4th， 2020. Therefore， it was determined to be a family cluster. The epidemic was effectively controlled after a series of measures， including isolation treatment， medical observation according to management of close contact and terminal disinfection of residence. Conclusion:The CDC professionals should strengthen monitoring of new findings， comprehensively analyze case data based on the latest research trends， improve professional sensitivity， and conduct timely screening to detect cases as soon as possible for the prevention of further epidemic spreading.

Software de gestión y análisis de los casos de intoxicaciones por plaguicidas - PlaguiTox / Management and analysis software for pesticide poisoning cases - PlaguiTox

Introducción: El Centro Nacional de Toxicología de Cuba, supervisa y controla la información de eventos atribuibles a la inmunización, vacunación e intoxicaciones con medicamentos y plaguicidas. Los casos que llegan al centro, se justifican mayormente por el uso de plaguicidas que tienen un alto nivel de toxicidad y riesgo de muerte. Los especialistas en toxicología, requieren facilidad para revisar las hojas de seguridad, el listado oficial de plaguicidas autorizados en Cuba y los casos anteriores. Esto permite analizar y emitir un diagnóstico, que salve la vida del afectado. Objetivo: Presentar un sistema para la gestión y el análisis de los casos intoxicados por plaguicidas. Métodos: El desarrollo se sustentó en la metodología de software Extreme Programming, modelado con la herramienta CASE Visual Paradigm 8.0 y lenguaje UML 2.0. Se utilizó Java con NetBeans 8.0.2 y como gestor de base de datos PostgreSQL 9.3. Resultados: Se desarrolló una herramienta de gestión de la información toxicológica, así como una base de casos de los síntomas, plaguicidas y diagnóstico por plaguicida. Los especialistas en toxicología cuentan con una herramienta de apoyo a la toma de decisiones, que reduce la ocurrencia de errores humanos(AU)

Introduction: The Cuban National Toxicology Center supervises and controls the information of events attributable to immunization, vaccination and poisonings with medications and pesticides. The cases that arrive at the center are mainly justified by the use of pesticides that have a high level of toxicity and risk of death. Specialists in toxicology require ease to review the safety sheets, the official list of authorized pesticides in Cuba and the above cases. This allows analyzing and issuing a diagnosis that saves the life of the affected person. Objective: To present a system for the management and analysis of cases poisoned by pesticides. Methods: The development was based on the Extreme Programming software methodology, modeled with the CASE Visual Paradigm 8.0 tool and the UML 2.0 language. Java was used with NetBeans 8.0.2 and as PostgreSQL 9.3 database manager. Results: A toxicological information management tool was developed, as well as a case database of symptoms, pesticides and pesticide diagnosis. Toxicology specialists have a decision support tool that reduces the occurrence of human errors(AU)

Community case management of chest indrawing pneumonia in children aged 2 to 59 months by community health workers: study protocol for a multi-country cluster randomized open label non-inferiority trial

Background:The World Health Organization (WHO) integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) protocol recommends treatment of chest indrawing in 2-59 months old children with oral amoxicillin by trained health facility workers. Whereas, the WHO/UNICEF integrated community case management (iCCM) protocol recommends referral by community level health workers (CLHWs) to a health facility. This study aims to evaluate whether CLHWs can treat chest indrawing pneumonia effectively and safely.Methods:Thismulti-centre cluster randomized controlled open label, non-inferiority trial will be conductedin Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India and Malawi. All sites will use a common protocol with the same study design, participants, intervention, control and outcomes. CLHWs will identify 2-59 months old children with chest indrawing. Study supervisors, trained in the iCCM protocol, will confirm CLHWs’ findings. Pulse oximetry will be used to identify hypoxaemic children. In the intervention group, enrolled children will be treated with oral amoxicillin for 5 days, and in the control group they will be referred to ahealth facility, after providing first dose of oral amoxicillin. An independent outcome assessor will visit each enrolled child on days 6 and 14 of enrolment, to assess study outcomes.Conclusions:If CLHWs can effectively and safely treat chest indrawing pneumonia in 2-59 months old children, it will increase access to pneumonia treatment substantially, as in many settings, health facilities and trained health workers are not easily accessible. Moreover, this evidence will contribute towards the review of the current iCCM protocol and its harmonization with the IMCI protocol. Trial Registration:The trial is registered at AZNCTR International Trial Registry as ACTRN12617000857303